The black yeast exophiala dermatitidis is a widespread polyextremophile and human pathogen, that is found in extreme natural habitats and manmade environments such as dishwashers. Hortaea, a new genus to accommodate cladosporium werneckii. Although the causative fungus was resistant to 5fluorocytosine, amphotericin b and ketoconazole, the lesion was successfully treated by surgical excision. It occurs most frequently in tropical climates and presents as asymptomatic brown to black nonscaly macules with welldefined borders resembling. Here, we report the first patient with untreated multiple myeloma who developed e. Tinea nigra may also be due to stenella araguata, first described and named cladosporium castellanii in 1973. Mar 31, 2014 the annellated zones on hortaea werneckii are much broader than those of exophiala species. Delayedonset postoperative endophthalmitis secondary to. Mar 20, 2020 hortaea werneckii is a halophilic saprobe which occurs in natural saltpans 1 being the dominant species in hypersaline evaporation ponds 8. Hortaea werneckii is a saprophytic fungus which can be found in tropical and subtropical.
A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on id. It is an infrequent, asymptomatic infection, limited to tropical. Exophiala werneckii causing tinea nigra in scotland. This fungus plays a significant role as a respiratory pathogen in patients with cystic fibrosis. It is an unusual fungal pathogen capable of causing a variety of ophthalmic manifestations, including keratitis, scleritis and endophthalmitis. The transcriptome of exophiala dermatitidis during exvivo.
Hortaea werneckii, the best described eukaryotic halophilic model organism to date, is a characteristic black yeast. Outline diagnostic mycology for laboratory professionals. Some sources equate hortaea werneckii, cladosporium werneckii, exophiala werneckii, and phaeoannellomyces werneckii. Exophiala dermatitidis fun with microbiology whats buggin. Case report delayedonset postoperative endophthalmitis. Casein hydrolysis and inability to decompose tyrosine differentiate e. Exophiala werneckii a common saprophytic fungus believed to occur in soil, compost, humus and on wood in humid tropical and subtropical regions. The neurotropic and extremophilic black yeast exophiala dermatitidis herpotrichellaceae inhabits diverse indoor environments, in particular bathrooms, steam baths, and dishwashers. Hortaea werneckii is a dematiaceous yeast that inhabits the. The life cycle ofhortaea werneckii includes yeastlike, hyphal and meristematic growth. Tinea nigra is an uncommon superficial dermatomycosis usually caused by hortaea werneckii, formerly known as phaeoannellomyces werneckii, formerly classified as exophiala werneckii and cladosporium werneckii.
It is an infrequent, asymptomatic infection, limited to tropical and subtropical countries. Swabs were streaked over the werncekii of culture media, while granitic sand samples were inoculated onto the same culture media by sprinkling wet sand grains over the. Exophiala dermatitidis may somewhat resemble phialophora however they do not produce the collarettes that are present on phialophora. Cryptococcus, exophiala and phaeoannelomyces mcginnis et al. In this report, we present a rare case of delayedonset postoperative endophthalmitis confined to the anterior. Conidia are smooth, onecelled, subglobose to ellipsoidal 2. Numerous members of the genus exophiala are potential agents of human and animal mycoses. The first report from south india was from pondicherry. In this article we will discuss about the classification and laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections.
Cryptococcus, exophiala and phaeoannelomyces mcginnis et. Mycology proficiency testing program ptp category description. Oct 17, 2012 exophiala dermatitidis formerly wangiella dermatitidis is a dematiaceous fungus that is found in soil and dead plant material worldwide, and sometimes causes phaeohyphomycosis. Exophiala is a genus of slowgrowing, melaninproducing, saprophytic fungi most commonly found in soil, faeces and decaying plant matter. Pulmonary infection caused by exophiala dermatitidis in a. The phialides can be intercalary produced along the hyphae or terminal at the end. Germination and growth of six fungi, basipetospora halophila, polypaecilum pisce, aspergillus penicilloides, a. Sir, tinea nigra is a rare superficial fungal infection of the skin. Full text get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 391k, or click on a page image below to browse page by page. Winner of the standing ovation award for best powerpoint templates from presentations magazine.
One hundred out of 35 000 fish died per day and mortalities continued for 1 month. Known cases of onychomycosis caused by exophiala are rare, although this genus commonly causes related skin infections such as phaeohyphomycosis, chromoblastomycosis, and eumycetoma. Tinea nigra is a superficial mycosis caused by hortaea werneckii. Tinea nigra chronic superficial fungal infection of the palms and soles. An early precursor, 1,3,6,8tetrahydroxynaphthalene t4hn, in the pathway leading to d2hn is reportedly produced directly as a pentaketide by an iterative type i polyketide synthase pks. Superficial mycosis free download as powerpoint presentation. Mycology proficiency testing program wadsworth center.
Exophiala is a genus of anamorphic fungi in the family herpotrichiellaceae. This category is for the laboratories that examine specimens for the pathogenic molds and yeasts encountered in a clinical microbiology laboratory. These guidelines supersede any previous instructions for identification of molds. Mycology proficiency testing program provides technical expertise to nysdoh clinical laboratory evaluation program clep. Spectrum of clinically relevant exophiala species in the. The preponderance of each form of propagation can be influenced by environmental conditions. Exophiala phaeoannelomyces werneckii causes the fungal skin infection tinea nigra, a superficial phaeohyphomycosis mycoses caused by dematiacious fungi12 of the stratum corneum. We reidentified 188 clinical isolates from the united states, which had a preliminary morphological identification of exophiala species, by sequencing internal transcribed spacer its region of. Exophiala spinifera as a cause of cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis.
Tinea nigra gnanaguruvelan s, janaki c, sentamilselvi g. Characterization of dimorphism in cladosporium werneckii. Hay, in mandell, douglas, and bennetts principles and practice of infectious diseases eighth edition, 2015. Sep 01, 2000 exophiala phaeoannelomyces werneckii causes the fungal skin infection tinea nigra, a superficial phaeohyphomycosis mycoses caused by dematiacious fungi12 of the stratum corneum. Cladosporium werneckii, exophiala werneckii, pullularia werneckii, aureobasidium. C, is able to assimilate aromatic hydrocarbons toluene, mineral oil, nhexadecane, and shows abundant growth with selected.
Pdf tinea nigra by hortaea werneckii, a report of 22. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 391k, or click on a. Previous instances of onychomycosis had been previously traced to e. Tinea nigra is an infection that attacks the skins uppermost layers. Exophiala werneckii endophthalmitis following cataract. Nutritional pattern and ecophysiology of hortaea werneckii, agent. The annellated zones on hortaea werneckii are much broader than those of exophiala species.
The majority of these infections are cutaneous and superficial, but also fatal systemic infections are known. W mok, ms barreto da silvaoccurrence of exophiala werneckii on salted. Tinea nigra by hortaea werneckii, a report of 22 cases. Adaptation of extremely halotolerant black yeast hortaea werneckii. Discovery of the black yeast hortaea werneckii as the dominant fungal species in. May 12, 2020 tinea nigra is an uncommon superficial dermatomycosis usually caused by hortaea werneckii, formerly known as phaeoannellomyces werneckii, formerly classified as exophiala werneckii and cladosporium werneckii. The clinical entity tinea nigra is explained by ecological similarities between supposed natural niches and human hyperhydrotic skin. Tinea nigra by hortaea werneckii, a report of 22 cases from mexico. It can cause various diseases ranging from phaeohyphomycosis and systemic infections, with fatality rates reaching 40%. The participating laboratories are free to select any number of antifungal drugs from the test panel based upon test practices in their facilities. Theyll give your presentations a professional, memorable appearance the kind of sophisticated look that todays audiences expect. A case study presented at the annual meeting of the american college of allergy, asthma and immunology highlighted that it is possible to develop. Numerous septate hyphae, pale brown in colour, were seen in kidney in squash preparations. While both exophiala dermatitidis and phialophora verrucosa produces black colonies, the wet, sticky texture of rmatitidis cannot be mistaken for the dry, velvety p.
Exophiala dermatitidis is a dematiaceous fungus that is increasingly being identified as a cause of fungal infection especially in patients with immunodeficiency. Diseased fish showed swelling of the abdomen and kidney distension. Exophiala definition of exophiala by medical dictionary. These laboratories are expected to identify fungal pathogens to the genus and species level for detail. Exophiala spinifera has been reported as an agent of cutaneous disease eighteen times in the literature. Exophiala werneckii horta arx, the genera of fungi sporulating in pure culture.
Chronic superficial fungal infection of the palms brown to black macules palmar and plantar and other surfaces of the skin welldefined dark patch with irregular margin, 15 cm in diameter on palm. Hortaea werneckii pdf hortaea werneckii horta nishim. Recent molecular studies have redefined exophiala jeanselmei and three additional species have been. Ecology and molecular adaptations of the halophilic black.
Exophiala oligosperma melanchlenus oligospermus fig. The ability of fungi to invade plant and animal tissue was observed in early 19th century but the first documented. While the number of cases in immunocompromised patients are increasing, knowledge. Pdf tinea nigra by hortaea werneckii, a report of 22 cases. Cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis of the sole caused by exophiala. Ppt cutaneous mycoses powerpoint presentation free to. Tinea nigra is a superficial form of phaeohyphomycosis caused by phaeoannellomyces werneckii also called hortaea werneckii and exophiala werneckii. The infection is confined to the stratum corneum of the palms or soles and occurs mainly in the tropics or. It is a black yeast that is investigated for its remarkable halotolerance. New biosynthetic step in the melanin pathway of wangiella. The predominant cell wall melanin of wangiella dermatitidis, a black fungal pathogen of humans, is synthesized from 1,8dihydroxynaphthalene d2hn. May 06, 2020 hortaea werneckii pdf hortaea werneckii horta nishim. Exophiala werneckii definition of exophiala werneckii by.
Exophiala is an unusual opportunistic pathogen capable of producing an unusual delayedonset postoperative endophthal. While the number of cases in immunocompromised patients are increasing, knowledge of the. Further studies on the water relations of xerophilic fungi. Tropical doctor, supplement 1, 1992 fungal diseases of skin and deeper tissues in the tropics wanda s robles st johns institute of dermatology, st thomas hospital, lambeth palace road, london sei 7eh, uk tropical doctor, 1992, 22 suppi 1, 7990 introduction. Exophiala jeanselmei has a worldwide distribution and is a recognised causative agent of mycetoma and phaeohyphomycosis in humans. Tinea nigra is a superficial dermatomycosis precipitated by hortaea werneckii, a melanized yeastlike fungus formerly classified in the literature as exophiala, phaeoannellomyces, and cladosporium. Trichophyton, epidermophyton and microsporum species. Introduction to mycology the term mycology is derived from greek word mykes meaning mushroom. Yeast extract enrichment of such a yeast phase consisting of 104 yeasts per ml induces a quantitative conversion of the yeasts to true hyphae. The fungus has also gone by the names of phaeoannellomyces werneckii. We reidentified 188 clinical isolates from the united states, which had a preliminary morphological identification of exophiala species, by sequencing internal transcribed.
Hortaea werneckii an overview sciencedirect topics. Yeast forms of the dimorphic fungus cladosporium werneckii grow by polar budding and yield a homogeneous yeast phase when cultured at 21 c in an agitated sucrosesalts medium czapekdox broth. While the addition of salt to the medium is not required for its cultivation, h. Coenocytic a cell or an aseptate hypha containing numerous nuclei. Pdf tinea nigra by hortaea werneckii, a report of 22 cases from.
The ability of fungi to invade plant and animal tissue was observed in early 19th century but the first documented animal infection by any fungus was made by bassi, who in 1835 studied the muscardine disease of silkworm and. Pdf tinea nigra is a superficial mycosis caused by hortaea werneckii. Tinea nigra exophiala werneckii asymptomatic, nonscaly brown to gray patches on palms or soles of feet confirmed by koh prep of skin sample showing pigmented hyphae black piedra piedraia hortae superficial infection of hair shafts causes shafts to break white piedra trichosporon species. The species is recognizable by assimilation of lactose, nitrate and nitrite. The site of infection was palm in our case and also in most of the previously. Occurrence of exophiala werneckii on salted freshwater. Hortaea werneckii is a species of yeast in the family teratosphaeriaceae. Filamentous isolates may be mistaken for some chaetothyrialean fungi or for cladosporium spp. Oct 24, 2016 the black yeast exophiala dermatitidis is a widespread polyextremophile and human pathogen, that is found in extreme natural habitats and manmade environments such as dishwashers. Tinea nigra by hortaea werneckii, a report of 22 cases from. Exophiala jeanselmei exophiala dermatitidis aureobasidium pullulans hortaea werneckii 26 black yeasts organism casein utilization tyrosine utilization growth in 15% nacl kno3 assimilation maximum growth temperature e.
It is caused by hortaea werneckii formerly known as phaeoannellomyces werneckii, exophiala werneckii, and cladosporium werneckii. To emphasize this unusually wide adaptability, and to distinguish h. Hortaea werneckii is a halophilic saprobe which occurs in natural saltpans 1 being the dominant species in hypersaline evaporation ponds 8. Analyses of phagocytosis, evoked oxidative burst, and killing of. It was implicated for the first time as a halophilic saprophyte causing food spoilage.
Taxonomy of exophiala werneckii and its relationship to microsporum mansonii. Occurrence of exophiala werneckii on salted freshwater fish. Female prediliction was said to be present, as also observed in our case. This report describes exophiala infection in cultured striped jack, pseudocaranx dentex, in japan in 2005.
Exophiala hongkongensis is known only from hong kong. Nutritional pattern and ecophysiology of hortaea werneckii. Phaeoannellomyces werneckii, exophiala werneckii or. Occurrence of exophiala werneckii on salted freshwater fish osteoglossum bicirrhosum the human pathogenic fungus exophiala werneckii was recovered as the sole contaminant from all salted fish. Exophiala dermatitidis does not assimilate potassium nitrate and grows at 40 o c which differentiates it from the related exophiala jeanselmei. Exophiala has been implicated in causing saxophone lung or hypersensitivity pneumonitis, a disease that can be contracted by woodwind instrumentalists saxophonists, clarinettists, oboists etc. Phaeoannelloyces werneckii aka exophiala werneckii. Worlds best powerpoint templates crystalgraphics offers more powerpoint templates than anyone else in the world, with over 4 million to choose from. A case report of tinea nigra from north india tilak r.
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